Chapter 10: Active and Passive Voice (वाच्य) – कहने का दूसरा तरीका
अंग्रेजी व्याकरण में ‘Voice’ हमें यह बताता है कि वाक्य का कर्ता (Subject) स्वयं कोई काम कर रहा है या उस पर कोई काम किया जा रहा है। इसे हम ‘बात को कहने के दो तरीके’ मान सकते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए: “राम आम खाता है” (राम खुद काम कर रहा है) और “आम राम द्वारा खाया जाता है” (काम का असर आम पर पड़ रहा है)। दोनों वाक्यों का अर्थ एक ही है, बस कहने का ढंग बदल गया है।
Voice के दो मुख्य प्रकार (Types of Voice)
1. Active Voice (कर्तृवाच्य)
जब वाक्य का Subject (कर्ता) सक्रिय होता है और वही काम को अंजाम देता है, तो उसे Active Voice कहते हैं। इसमें कर्ता को प्रधानता दी जाती है।
- बनावट: Subject + Verb + Object.
- उदाहरण: Rahul writes a letter. (राहुल पत्र लिखता है)।
2. Passive Voice (कर्मवाच्य)
जब वाक्य का Object (कर्म) मुख्य बन जाता है और काम का असर उसी पर पड़ता है, तो उसे Passive Voice कहते हैं। इसमें काम करने वाले (Subject) को ‘by’ लगाकर अंत में जोड़ दिया जाता है या कभी-कभी उसे हटा भी दिया जाता है।
- बनावट: Object + Helping Verb + V3 + by + Subject.
- उदाहरण: A letter is written by Rahul. (एक पत्र राहुल द्वारा लिखा जाता है)।
Active से Passive बनाने के मुख्य नियम (Golden Rules)
किसी भी वाक्य को Passive में बदलने के लिए ये 5 बुनियादी बदलाव करने पड़ते हैं:
- Active वाक्य के Object को Passive का Subject बना दें।
- Active वाक्य के Subject को Passive के अंत में ले जाएँ और उससे पहले ‘by’ लगा दें।
- Passive Voice में हमेशा मुख्य क्रिया का तीसरा रूप (V3 – Past Participle) ही इस्तेमाल होता है, चाहे Tense कोई भी हो।
- Tense के अनुसार उपयुक्त Helping Verb (is, am, are, was, were, been, being) का प्रयोग करें।
- Pronoun (सर्वनाम) में बदलाव करें: I -> me, We -> us, He -> him, She -> her, They -> them.
Tense के अनुसार बदलाव की तालिका (Table of Changes)
| Tense | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | Writes / Write | Is / Am / Are + Written |
| Present Continuous | Is / Am / Are + Writing | Is / Am / Are + Being + Written |
| Present Perfect | Has / Have + Written | Has / Have + Been + Written |
| Simple Past | Wrote | Was / Were + Written |
| Past Continuous | Was / Were + Writing | Was / Were + Being + Written |
| Simple Future | Will / Shall + Write | Will / Shall + Be + Written |
नोट: Future Continuous और तीनों Perfect Continuous का Passive Voice आमतौर पर नहीं बनाया जाता है।
Modals और Imperative वाक्यों का Passive
1. Modals (Can, May, Must, Should): इनके साथ बस ‘be’ लगा दिया जाता है।
Active: I can lift this box. -> Passive: This box can be lifted by me.
2. Imperative (आदेश/प्रार्थना): इन्हें ‘Let’ के साथ या ‘You are ordered/requested to’ के साथ बनाया जाता है।
Active: Open the door. -> Passive: Let the door be opened. या You are ordered to open the door.
Passive Voice का महत्व (Why use Passive?)
Passive Voice का प्रयोग तब ज्यादा प्रभावशाली होता है जब काम करने वाला व्यक्ति (Subject) अज्ञात हो या काम (Action) खुद कर्ता से ज्यादा महत्वपूर्ण हो। जैसे: “The thief was arrested” (चोर को गिरफ्तार किया गया)। यहाँ यह बताने की जरूरत नहीं कि पुलिस ने किया, क्योंकि यह स्पष्ट है।
अभ्यास के लिए 15 महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न (Exercise)
प्रश्न 1: “She cleans the room.” का सही Passive Voice क्या होगा?
(A) The room is cleaned by her. (B) The room was cleaned by her. (C) The room is being cleaned by her. (D) The room has been cleaned by her.
उत्तर: (A) The room is cleaned by her.
व्याख्या: Simple Present (cleans) के लिए Is + V3 का प्रयोग होता है।
प्रश्न 2: “They are playing cricket.” को Passive में बदलें।
(A) Cricket was played by them. (B) Cricket is played by them. (C) Cricket is being played by them. (D) Cricket has been played by them.
उत्तर: (C) Cricket is being played by them.
व्याख्या: Continuous Tense में ‘Being’ का प्रयोग अनिवार्य है।
प्रश्न 3: “I have finished my work.” का Passive क्या होगा?
(A) My work is finished by me. (B) My work was finished by me. (C) My work has been finished by me. (D) My work had been finished by me.
उत्तर: (C) My work has been finished by me.
व्याख्या: Perfect Tense में ‘Been’ जोड़ा जाता है।
प्रश्न 4: “He wrote a novel.” का Passive चुनें।
(A) A novel is written by him. (B) A novel was written by him. (C) A novel was being written by him. (D) A novel had been written by him.
उत्तर: (B) A novel was written by him.
व्याख्या: Simple Past (V2) के लिए Was/Were + V3 लगता है।
प्रश्न 5: “Who stole my pen?” का सही Passive क्या है?
(A) By whom was my pen stolen? (B) Who was stolen my pen? (C) By whom my pen was stolen? (D) My pen was stolen by whom.
उत्तर: (A) By whom was my pen stolen?
व्याख्या: ‘Who’ वाले वाक्यों की शुरुआत ‘By whom’ से होती है।
प्रश्न 6: “Close the window.” का Passive क्या होगा?
(A) The window is closed. (B) Let the window be closed. (C) You are closed the window. (D) Let the window closed.
उत्तर: (B) Let the window be closed.
व्याख्या: आदेशात्मक वाक्यों (Imperative) को ‘Let’ से बनाया जाता है।
प्रश्न 7: “She can speak English.” को बदलें।
(A) English can spoken by her. (B) English can be spoken by her. (C) English is spoken by her. (D) English can being spoken by her.
उत्तर: (B) English can be spoken by her.
व्याख्या: Modals (Can) के साथ ‘be’ + V3 लगता है।
प्रश्न 8: “People speak English all over the world.” का Passive क्या है?
(A) English is spoken by people all over the world. (B) English is spoken all over the world. (C) English was spoken all over the world. (D) English being spoken all over the world.
उत्तर: (B) English is spoken all over the world.
व्याख्या: जब काम करने वाले ‘लोग’ (People) हों, तो ‘by people’ लिखना जरूरी नहीं होता।
प्रश्न 9: “Did he call you?” का Passive Voice क्या होगा?
(A) Was you called by him? (B) Were you called by him? (C) You were called by him? (D) Are you called by him?
उत्तर: (B) Were you called by him?
व्याख्या: ‘Did’ (Past) के लिए Was/Were लगता है और ‘You’ के साथ ‘Were’ आता है।
प्रश्न 10: “I am writing a letter.” का सही रूप है:
(A) A letter is written by me. (B) A letter is being written by me. (C) A letter was being written by me. (D) A letter has been written by me.
उत्तर: (B) A letter is being written by me.
प्रश्न 11: “He had already told the truth.” का Passive:
(A) The truth has already been told by him. (B) The truth was already told by him. (C) The truth had already been told by him. (D) The truth is being told by him.
उत्तर: (C) The truth had already been told by him.
व्याख्या: Had + V3 बदलकर Had + been + V3 हो जाता है।
प्रश्न 12: “We shall play a match.” को बदलें।
(A) A match will be played by us. (B) A match shall played by us. (C) A match will being played by us. (D) A match would be played by us.
उत्तर: (A) A match will be played by us.
व्याख्या: Future Simple में ‘be’ + V3 का प्रयोग होता है। ‘Match’ के साथ ‘will’ सही है।
प्रश्न 13: “Tell him to go.” का Passive क्या होगा?
(A) Let him be told to go. (B) Let he be told to go. (C) He was told to go. (D) You are told to go.
उत्तर: (A) Let him be told to go.
प्रश्न 14: “The police caught the thief.” का Passive Voice:
(A) The thief is caught by police. (B) The thief was caught by police. (C) The thief had been caught by police. (D) The thief was catch by police.
उत्तर: (B) The thief was caught by police.
प्रश्न 15: “She is making tea.” का Passive:
(A) Tea is being made by her. (B) Tea was made by her. (C) Tea is made by her. (D) Tea has been made by her.
उत्तर: (A) Tea is being made by her.
Active और Passive Voice को समझने के बाद आप वाक्यों के साथ खेलना सीख गए हैं। अगला चैप्टर ‘Direct and Indirect Speech’ (नरेशन) पर होगा।