Chapter 11: Direct and Indirect Speech (नरेशन) – चुगली या सूचना?
अंग्रेजी व्याकरण में ‘Narration’ का अर्थ होता है किसी के द्वारा कही गई बात को व्यक्त करना। इसे हम दो तरीकों से कर सकते हैं। पहला—वक्ता (Speaker) के शब्दों को ज्यों का त्यों दोहरा देना, और दूसरा—उसके शब्दों का सार (Meaning) अपने शब्दों में बताना। इसी को Direct और Indirect Speech कहा जाता है। यह चैप्टर परीक्षाओं में सबसे अधिक अंक दिलाने वाला और दैनिक जीवन में बातचीत के लिए बहुत जरूरी है।
Narration के दो मुख्य प्रकार
1. Direct Speech (प्रत्यक्ष कथन)
जब हम किसी व्यक्ति की कही गई बात को बिल्कुल उसी के शब्दों में, बिना किसी बदलाव के बताते हैं। इसे हमेशा ‘Inverted Commas’ (” “) के अंदर रखा जाता है।
- उदाहरण: Ram said, “I am playing.” (राम ने कहा, “मैं खेल रहा हूँ।”)
2. Indirect Speech (अप्रत्यक्ष कथन)
जब हम किसी की कही गई बात को अपने शब्दों में बताते हैं, ताकि उसका अर्थ न बदले लेकिन शब्दों का रूप बदल जाए। इसमें Inverted Commas हटा दिए जाते हैं और अक्सर ‘that’ का प्रयोग होता है।
- उदाहरण: Ram said that he was playing. (राम ने कहा कि वह खेल रहा था।)
वाक्य के दो मुख्य भाग
Direct Speech के वाक्य में दो हिस्से होते हैं जिन्हें समझना जरूरी है:
- Reporting Verb: जो कोमा (,) के बाहर होता है। (जैसे: Ram said)
- Reported Speech: जो ” ” के अंदर होता है। (जैसे: “I am playing”)
Direct से Indirect बनाने के 5 मुख्य बदलाव
जब हम वाक्य बदलते हैं, तो ये पाँच परिवर्तन अनिवार्य रूप से होते हैं:
1. Reporting Verb में बदलाव
- Said -> Said ही रहता है।
- Said to -> Told में बदल जाता है।
- Say to -> Tell / Says to -> Tells.
2. Conjunction का प्रयोग
कोमा और Inverted Commas को हटाकर साधारण वाक्यों में ‘that’ लगाया जाता है।
3. Pronoun (सर्वनाम) में बदलाव (SON नियम)
यह सबसे महत्वपूर्ण नियम है:
- S (Subject): First Person (I, We) बदलता है Reporting Verb के Subject के अनुसार।
- O (Object): Second Person (You) बदलता है Reporting Verb के Object के अनुसार।
- N (No Change): Third Person (He, She, It, They) में कोई बदलाव नहीं होता।
4. Tense (काल) में बदलाव
यदि Reporting Verb भूतकाल (Said) में है, तो Reported Speech का Tense इस प्रकार बदलता है:
- Simple Present -> Simple Past (Is/am/are -> Was/were)
- Present Continuous -> Past Continuous
- Present Perfect -> Past Perfect (Has/have -> Had)
- Simple Past -> Past Perfect (V2 -> Had + V3)
- Will/Shall -> Would/Should / Can -> Could / May -> Might.
अपवाद (Exception): यदि वाक्य में कोई ‘Universal Truth’ (सत्य घटना) हो, तो Tense नहीं बदलता। जैसे: “The sun rises in the east.”
5. समय और स्थान (Distance) में बदलाव
- This -> That / These -> Those
- Here -> There
- Now -> Then
- Today -> That day
- Yesterday -> The previous day
- Tomorrow -> The next day / The following day
विभिन्न प्रकार के वाक्यों का Indirect Speech
1. Interrogative (प्रश्नवाचक): यहाँ ‘Said to’ को ‘Asked’ में बदलते हैं और ‘that’ की जगह ‘If’ या ‘Whether’ लगाते हैं। यदि सवाल Wh- (Who, Why) से शुरू हो, तो कोई कंजंक्शन नहीं लगता।
2. Imperative (आदेश/प्रार्थना): यहाँ भाव के अनुसार Ordered, Requested, Advised का प्रयोग होता है और कोमा हटाकर ‘to’ लगाया जाता है।
3. Exclamatory (विस्मय): यहाँ Exclaimed with joy/sorrow का प्रयोग होता है।
अभ्यास के लिए 15 महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न (Exercise)
प्रश्न 1: Ram said, “I am busy now.” का सही Indirect क्या होगा?
(A) Ram said that he is busy then. (B) Ram said that he was busy then. (C) Ram said he was busy now. (D) Ram told he was busy then.
उत्तर: (B) Ram said that he was busy then.
व्याख्या: ‘I’ राम के अनुसार ‘He’ बना, ‘am’ का ‘was’ हुआ और ‘now’ का ‘then’।
प्रश्न 2: He said to me, “You are my friend.”
(A) He told me that I was his friend. (B) He said me that you were my friend. (C) He told me that he was my friend. (D) He asked me if I was his friend.
उत्तर: (A) He told me that I was his friend.
व्याख्या: Said to -> Told, You (Object ‘me’ के अनुसार) -> I, और are -> was.
प्रश्न 3: The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.”
(A) The teacher said that the sun rose in the east. (B) The teacher said that the sun rises in the east. (C) The teacher told that the sun rises in the east. (D) The teacher said the sun is rising in the east.
उत्तर: (B) The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
व्याख्या: सार्वभौमिक सत्य (Universal Truth) का Tense कभी नहीं बदलता।
प्रश्न 4: She said, “I have finished my work.”
(A) She said that she has finished her work. (B) She said that she finished her work. (C) She said that she had finished her work. (D) She said that she had finished my work.
उत्तर: (C) She said that she had finished her work.
व्याख्या: Present Perfect (have finished) बदलकर Past Perfect (had finished) हो जाता है।
प्रश्न 5: He said to me, “What are you doing?”
(A) He asked me what was I doing. (B) He asked me what I was doing. (C) He told me what I was doing. (D) He asked me if what I was doing.
उत्तर: (B) He asked me what I was doing.
व्याख्या: प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में Indirect में सवाल साधारण वाक्य (I was doing) बन जाता है।
प्रश्न 6: “Call the first witness,” said the judge.
(A) The judge requested to call the first witness. (B) The judge ordered them to call the first witness. (C) The judge said that call the first witness. (D) The judge told to call the first witness.
उत्तर: (B) The judge ordered them to call the first witness.
प्रश्न 7: He said, “Alas! I am undone.”
(A) He said sadly that he was undone. (B) He exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone. (C) He exclaimed with joy that he was undone. (D) He told that he is undone.
उत्तर: (B) He exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.
प्रश्न 8: I said to him, “Did you go there yesterday?”
(A) I asked him if he had gone there the previous day. (B) I asked him if he went there yesterday. (C) I told him if he had gone there. (D) I asked him did he go there yesterday.
उत्तर: (A) I asked him if he had gone there the previous day.
व्याख्या: Simple Past (V2) बदलकर Past Perfect (Had + V3) होता है।
प्रश्न 9: She said to me, “Please help me.”
(A) She asked me to help her. (B) She requested me to help her. (C) She told me help her. (D) She requested that I should help her.
उत्तर: (B) She requested me to help her.
प्रश्न 10: My father said, “Honesty is the best policy.”
(A) My father said that honesty was the best policy. (B) My father said that honesty is the best policy. (C) My father told that honesty is the best policy. (D) My father said honesty is best.
उत्तर: (B) My father said that honesty is the best policy.
प्रश्न 11: He says, “I am a student.”
(A) He says that he was a student. (B) He says that he is a student. (C) He said that he is a student. (D) He told that he was a student.
उत्तर: (B) He says that he is a student.
व्याख्या: यदि Reporting Verb वर्तमान (Says) में हो, तो अंदर का Tense नहीं बदलता।
प्रश्न 12: Rahul said, “I will go to Delhi tomorrow.”
(A) Rahul said that he would go to Delhi the next day. (B) Rahul said that he will go to Delhi tomorrow. (C) Rahul said that he would go to Delhi tomorrow. (D) Rahul told that he will go to Delhi the next day.
उत्तर: (A) Rahul said that he would go to Delhi the next day.
प्रश्न 13: The captain said, “Bravo! You have played well.”
(A) The captain exclaimed with joy that they had played well. (B) The captain applauded them saying that they had played well. (C) The captain said bravo they played well. (D) The captain told that they played well.
उत्तर: (B) The captain applauded them saying that they had played well.
प्रश्न 14: He said to her, “Can you lend me some money?”
(A) He asked her if she could lend him some money. (B) He asked her if she can lend him some money. (C) He told her if she could lend him some money. (D) He asked her she could lend him money.
उत्तर: (A) He asked her if she could lend him some money.
प्रश्न 15: They said, “We were playing.”
(A) They said that they were playing. (B) They said that they had been playing. (C) They said that they have been playing. (D) They told that they were playing.
उत्तर: (B) They said that they had been playing.
व्याख्या: Past Continuous बदलकर Past Perfect Continuous (Had been + ing) हो जाता है।
Direct and Indirect Speech के नियमों का अभ्यास करने से आपकी भाषा में बहुत सुधार आता है। अगला चैप्टर ‘Modals’ पर होगा।